# Input and Output in Python

In Python, to interact with the user input and output, we can use two functions: the `input()` function and the `print()` function. Functions are a way to group code and statements so that they can be reused and easily called from other parts of your program. Python functions can take inputs, which are called arguments or parameters, and can also return a value. Functions can be defined with the `def` keyword, and called by simply using the function name and passing in any necessary arguments. The `input()` and `print()` functions are defined within the language itself, so the only thing you need to do is to pass in the arguments to the function. Functions are recognizable from the parentheses that follow the name of the function whenever we decide to invoke it.

## input()

To accept input from a user, we need to invoke the `input()` function. The basic syntax consists of the name of the function followed by parentheses. Inside the parentheses we can type in a prompt, the string we wish to display on the screen. A reason for this could be explaining to the user the kind of input we want, however, the prompt is optional. The function then waits for the user to enter information and press the **Enter** key.

```python
input(prompt)
```

When we accept input from the user, we often want to store it in a variable. This way, we can utilize the information the user has given us later in our program.

```python
name = input("What's your name? ")
print("Hello,")
print(name)
```

It is important to remember that the input function always returns a string, so if you need to operate with other data types, you will have to use typecasting. In the code that follows, we are converting the user input from a string to an integer, to then perform mathematical operations with it.

```python
age = int(input("How old are you? "))
age += 1
print(age)
```

Notice how in this case we are passing as an argument of the `int()` function the output of the `input()` function. Passing the output of a function as an argument of another function is a common practice in all programming languages.

## print()

Whenever we want to output something in the console we make use of the `print()` function. In the past articles we have already made use of this function since it is one of the most basic functions in Python. The syntax consists of the name of the function followed by parentheses. In the previous articles, however, we only passed one argument to `print()` which consisted of the text we wanted to output. Today, besides the object parameter, we are going to take a deeper look at the `sep` and `end` parameters.

A parameter is a variable that is declared when defining a function and is used to accept input values. When a function is called, values can be passed into the function's parameters, which are then used as input values for executing the code inside the function. I get it, it sounds very difficult, but don't worry about comprehending the entire concept. As time passes, you will become more and more familiar with parameters and other complex programming concepts.

Here is the basic syntax of the `print()` function. As I said before, today we are going to look at the `sep` and `end` parameters, but I want you to know that `print()` also has other parameters.

```python
print(objects, sep=' ', end='\n')
```

### print() parameters:

* **objects**: indicates the object to be printed. Additionally, the function is capable of printing more than one object
    
* **sep**: indicates the separation between objects. The default value is `' '`, which means that objects are separated by a space
    
* **end**: indicates the end of the object. The default value is `'\n'`, which means that at the end of the objects, a new line will be printed
    

Until now, we have passed in the `print()` function only one object as an argument. Whether the object consisted of a string or a variable to be outputted, the number of arguments has always been one.

If we want to pass two objects into the function, we need to separate them with a `,`. In the example below, we are going to pass as arguments a string and a variable name. Keep in mind that since we are not specifying the `sep` and `end` parameters, they assume their default value.

```python
user_name = "John"
print("hello", user_name) # Output => hello John
```

### Setting `sep` and `end` parameters

As I have previously written, whenever you do not specify a value for the `sep` and `end` parameters, they assume their default value. This does not mean that they are unchangeable, we can modify them by explicitly writing the value we want them to assume. The place where we perform this operation is in the parentheses that follow the function. In the example below, we are overriding the `sep` parameter and setting its value to `-`.

```python
user_name = "John"
print("hello", user_name, sep='-') # Output => "hello-John"
```

As for the `sep` parameter, we can modify the default value of the `end` parameter. Its default value `'\n'` means that a new line is printed every time we invoke the `print()` function. In the example below, we are overriding the `end` parameter and setting its value to `.`. If you are running the example on VS Code, you can notice how the cursor is moved right next to the output and not on a new line.

```python
user_name = "John"
print("hello", user_name, end='.') # Output => hello John.
```

## Conclusion

In this article, you have learned the basics of input and output in Python. Understanding how to use `input()` and `print()` effectively is critical for creating user-friendly programs and providing a positive user experience. Many fundamental concepts of programming were introduced above, such as functions and parameters. Don't aspire to gain a complete understanding by the time you have terminated this read, you will assimilate these concepts better as you keep learning Python.